Lingual Thyroid

A Case of Lingual Thyroid

Thyroid gland develops from Median bud of Pharynx located at the Foramen Caecum at the base of Tongue.

It is attached to a hollow tube called Thyroglossal duct, which extends from the Foramen cecum to the Pyramidal lobe of Thyroid gland.

Then the thyroid gland descends to reach its final position in front of the trachea.

Failure of thyroid descent results in Lingual Thyroid. That is, the entire thyroid is located at the Foramen cecum, covered by oral mucosa.

Clinical Features

Fullness in the Throat

Dysphagia

Dyspnoea

Sleep Apnoea

Hemorrhage

Palpation of neck to look for normal thyroid gland in its expected position.

Investigations

FNAC

TFT

CT Scan

Technetium Scan

Treatment

TSH Suppression with L-Thyroxine

Surgical Excision- Through a per oral midline tongue splitting  incision or through a cervical approach.

 

Differential Diagnosis of a Right Iliac Fossa Mass

Post renal transplant patient with a healed surgical scar.

Differential Diagnosis of a Right Iliac Fossa Mass:-

1.     Appendicular Mass/Abscess

2.     Amoebic Granuloma

3.     Hyperplastic type of Ileo Caecal Tuberculosis

4.     Carcinoma Caecum

5.     Tubo ovarian Mass ( In females )

6.     Un descended Testis ( In males )

7.     Un Ascended Kidney

8.     Transplanted kidney

 

 

Lumbar Sympathectomy

Open Lumbar Sympathectomy

 

•      Indications

                TAO- Rest Pain, Non healing superficial ulcers

                Hyperhiderosis

•      Anesthesia: Spinal

•      Position of the Patient: Lateral/ Kidney position

•      Incision- From the tip of 12 rib to lateral border of rectus at the level of umbilicus.

  Steps of Operation

•      Step 1. Incision deepened by spltting the muscles

                  Anteriorly

                 External oblique

                 Internal oblique

                Transversus abdominis

                      Posteriorly

                Latissimus dorsi

                Serratus posterior inferior

•      Step 2. Peritoneum and the adherent ureter is pushed anteriorly.

•      Step 3. Medial to Psoas major, sympathetic ganglia are felt over the vertebral body

•      Step 4. L1 Ganglion is identified near the crus of the diaphragm

•      Step 5. L 2, L 3 and L 4 Ganglia with intervening fibers are removed by protecting Aorta on left  and IVC on right

•      Step 6. Haemostasis achieved and the wound is closed in layers

Structures which can mimic a sympathetic chain

•      Ilio inguinal and ilio hypogastric nerves

•      Muscle sheath fibers

•      Lymphatics with lymph nodes

Complications

Sterility due to Retrograde ejaculation, if L1 ganglia on both sides are removed.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome due to a Cervical Rib

Cervical Rib Producing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

A Cervical Rib is a rib arising from the 7th Cervical Vertebra. The charecteristic radiological feature of the a cervival vertebra is its transverse process which is directed downwards and laterally.

Whereas the transverse process of a Thoracic vertebra is directed upwards and laterally.This is the most important identification feature of a cervical rib in a plain radiograph.

The clincal manifestations of a cervical rib is called Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

Thoracic outlet syndrome is neurovascular symptoms in the upper extremities due to pressure on the nerves and vessels in the thoracic outlet area.

What is meant by the Thoracic Outlet?

Thoracic Outlet is bounded

Anteriorly- Upper border of Manubrium Sterni

Laterally- First Rib on each side

Posteriorly- Superior srface of body of first thoracic vertebra

Antero posterior Diameter of the Thoracic Outlet is 5cm and the Transverse  Diameter 10cm.

The specific structures compressed are the Nerves of the Branchial plexus , Subclavian Artery or Subclavian Vein.

Aetiological Factors of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

·Cervical Rib

·Congenital Fibrous Band Between First Rib & C7

·Abnormal Fusion of Scalene Muscles at the Insertion Site

·Clavicular Fracture Callus/ Traumatic

·Exostosis of First Rib/ Neoplastic

·Narrowing of Costo Clavicular Space

·Compression by Pectoralis minor Tendon

·Long Transverse process of C7

·Poor posture, ie Drooping Shoulders –Psychological     Depression  has to be ruled out.

·Repetitive activities, causing enlargement of the Scalenus    anterior muscle ( Lateral           Flexion     of Cervical Spine)

  Hence this type of Thoracic outlet syndrome is more common in Swimmers & Volley ball players.

·Post Sternotomy ( Pneumonectomy/ ASD Closure )

·Obesity/ Recent Weight Gain  causes – Narrowing of the Thoracic outlet.

 

Cervical Rib

·Arises from 7^th Cervical vertebra

·Present in 0.5% of individuals

·May be Unilateral/ Bilateral

·Commoner on the Right Side

Types of Cervical Rib

1.     Complete Cervical Rib

2.     Cervical rib ending in a bony mass

3.     Cervical rib tapering as a Fibrous band ( Not visible in a Plain Radiograph )

4.     Complete Fibrous Band – No Radiological Finding

Clinical Features of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Upper Extremity

Arterial-  Numbness, Tingling & Weakness of Arms & Hands

Venous -  Swelling of Hand & Fingers, Pain

Neurological - Pain & Parasthesia over Ulnar / Median nerve distribution,Weakness & Coldness of the Hands, Tiredness& Heaviness on elevation of Arms.

Chest – Angina Like Pain/ Shoulder pain

Vertebral Artery Involvement- Dizziness/ Headache/Syncope

Note : In patients with Normal Coronary Angiogram & Normal Esophageal Function  having  Persistent Chest Pain Consider the possibility  of TOS

Clinical Signs of TOS

1.Difference in Pulse in both upperlimbs

2.Atrophy of  Thenar/Hypothenar  eminence

3.Brittle Nails / Focal Ulcers/Gangrene

4.The White Hand Sign –pallor of hand due to  Arterial TOS

5.Oedema of Hands – Venous TOS or Paget-Schroetter Syndrome or Effort Thrombosis.

Diagnostic Triad of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome or Selmonosky Triad 

1.     Tenderness in the Supraclavicular  Area

2.     Abduction & Adduction weakness of 4&5 fingers C8 - T1

3.     Pallor / Parasthesia on elevation of the Limb

Clinical Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

· Hyper abduction Manoeuvre- When arm is hyperabducted to 180°, neurovascular bundle components are compressed by the pectoralis minor tendon, leading to disappearance of radial pulse.

· Costoclavicular Compression   Manoeuvre- By keeping  the shoulders in backward and downward position as in exaggerated military position, causes reduction in costo clavicular space  and compression of subclavian artery leading to disappearance of radial pulse.

· The Elevated Arm Test or  Roose Test- Arm abducted at 90 degree with external rotation of the shoulder. Opening & closing of hands done rapidly for 3 minutes. A normal individual can do this  without any difficulty. In TOS patient develops pain and parasthesia of fore arm muscles and fingers.

Clinical Investigations for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

1. Plain Radiograph of Neck

2.MRI Scan

3.Nerve Conduction Velocity Study

Differential Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

1.     Cervical Spondylosis

2.     Cervical Disc Prolapse

3.     Cervical Cord Compression

4.     Carpel Tunnel Syndrome

5.     Raynaud’s disease / Pancoast Tumour of Lung

Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome- Conservative

1.     Maintain a Proper posture

2.     Weight Reduction ( Obesity predisposes to TOS )

3.     Physiotherapy- Exercise to strengthen the  Shoulder girdle to prevent drooping.

4.     Stop any repetitive activity or work for prolonged period

Indications of Surgical Intervention in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

1.     Failure of Conservative Management for 6 months

2.     Progression of the Neurological Symptoms

3.     Occlusion of Subclavian Artery

4.     Thrombosis of Subclavian/ Axilliary vein

Surgical Excision of the Cervical Rib or Scalenotomy Operation

— 

Anterior Approach

Posterior Approach

Trans Axillary Approach

    

Important Operative Surgery Steps

Lateral Supra Clavicular Incision

Platysma& Deep fascia incised

Sternomastoid  retracted medially

Phrenic nerve is identified over the Scalenus anterior muscle

Scalenus anterior muscle is divided at its insertion to first rib after safeguarding the Phrenic nerve

Cervical rib is divided along with the Periosteum to prevent recurrence.

  

Complications of the Surgery for Cervical Rib

1.     Phrenic nerve injury

2.     Injury to Brachial plexus

3.     Injury to Subclavian artery and vein

4.     Pneumothorax

What is a T Tube Cholangiogram?

 T- Tube Cholangiogram

What is a T Tube Cholangiogram?

Presence of stone inside the common bile duct is called Choledocholithiasis.

There are two ways of stone formation occurring in side the common bile duct. One is from the gall bladder.

The other is de novo stone formation inside the common bile duct.

The cause of de novo stone formation inside the common bile duct is Portal pyemia  or cholangitis.

The stone formed as a result of portal pyemia is Brown pigment stone. Black pigment stone is formed as result of excessive haemolysis.

After the open surgical exploration for Common bile duct for choledocho lithiasis, the completion of the stone removal is not full proof, as the stone removal is a blind process.

 That means, in open surgery, even after the removal of last stone from the common bile duct one is not sure that all the stones are out.

Hence a special tube called T tube is placed. The upper horizontal part of the T tube is placed inside the common hepatic duct.

The lower horizontal part of the T tube is placed inside the distal common bile duct. The vertical part of the T tube is brought out to skin surface.

If there is a distal obstruction of the common bile duct the quantity of bile coming out through the vertical limb will be more.

The normal amount of bile secreted by the liver is around 800-1000ml. Hence if the discharge through  the T tube is approaching this amount it is presumed that there is distal obstruction for the bile flow.

To confirm the distal obstruction on 10^th post operative day we do an

investigation called T tube cholangiogram.

In the T tube cholangiogram if the radio opaque iodine containing dye is reaching the duodenum that means there is no distal obstruction.

The left over stones are seen as the filling defects or negative shadows.

The special forceps used to remove the stones from the common bile duct is called Desjardin’s Choledocholithotomy forceps.

The dilators we use for dilating the common bile duct is called Bake’s Dilators. These are dilators with serially increasing diameters.

The latest device used in the removal of stones from the common bile duct is called Choledochoscope.

Through a Choledochoscope one can see the interior of the common bile duct as well as the common hepatic duct  and all the stones can be removed under vision, making a T tube cholangiogram  not mandatory.

What is a Sebaceous Cyst?

What is a Sebaceous Cyst?

A sebaceous cyst is a retention cyst arising from a Pilo sebaceous Gland.

 

 

Clinical Features of  Sebaceous Cyst:-

• Skin not pinchable
• Presence of a Punctum
• Indentation possible due to pultaceous material.
• Not fixed to underlying Structures.

Multiple Sebaceous Cysts are called -Wen

Common sites of Multiple Sebaceous Cysts- Scrotum & Scalp

Complications of  Sebaceous Cyst:-

• Infection
• Ulcerations
• Calcifications
• Sebaceous Horn
• Malignant Transformation ( Rare)- Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A Parasite found in a Sebaceous Cyst :- Demodex follicularum

Treatment of  Sebaceous Cyst:- 

Excision of the Sebaceous Cyst.

What is the Incision for Excision of the Sebaceous Cyst?

Elliptical Incison encircling the Punctum of the Sebaceous Cyst.

What is the correct name of the Incision for Excision of the Sebaceous Cyst?

The correct name of the Incision is - Lentiform ( Biconvex )Incision.

A sebaceous cyst cannot occur in Palm and Sole as there is no Sebaceous Gland in these sites.